حرف اضافه
حرف اضافه (Preposition) کلمهای است که به تنهایی معنی نداشته، درجمله پیش از اسم آمده وآن را متمم می سازد. متمم نیز کلمهای است که بعد از حرف اضافه آمده و بهعبارتی وقتی حرف اضافهای یک کلمه را متمم میسازد، یعنی باعث تکمیلشدن آن میگردد؛ که به آن، مفعول غیر صریح (آشکار) نیز گفته میشود. در نهایت نیز بهطور خلاصه، میتوان گفت که حرف اضافه، واژهایست که دو واژهی دیگر را بهیکدیگر ارتباط میدهد.
در فارسی میتوان کلماتی نظیر «از، به، با، بی، در، بر، برای، تا، مگر، جز، الا، الّا، چون، اندر، زی، مثلِ ، مانندِ ،غیرِ، رویِ، زیرِ، پهلویِ، بالایِ، سوایِ، بدونِ، بهرِ و …» را حرف اضافه دانست. در مثال: «هادی امروز با رضا بیرون رفت»؛ واژهی «با» یک حرف اضافه بوده و رضا نیز یک متمم است.
در زبان انگلیسی نیز واژههایی مثل in، at، on و … حرف اضافه هستند. در مثال: «We saw a movie at the theater»؛ واژهی «at» یک حرف اضافه است.
نکته
– در دیکشنری، حرف اضافه را با prep مشخص میکنند.
– در انگلیسی، کاربرد برخی حروف اضافه همانند زبان فارسی نیست؛ برای مثال، حرف اضافهی with بهمعنی با، در جملهی «I am angry with you» معنی «من از دست تو عصبانی هستم» میدهد!
– در انگلیسی، کاربرد برخی حروف اضافه همانند زبان فارسی نیست؛ برای مثال، حرف اضافهی with بهمعنی با، در جملهی «I am angry with you» معنی «من از دست تو عصبانی هستم» میدهد!
لیست حروف اضافه
حرف اضافه | نوع | مثال |
---|---|---|
above | position | The coconut was high above our heads, so nobody could reach it. |
across | position | The cat lay across my lap. |
across | direction | We walked across the street. |
after | time | After dinner, we ate dessert. |
against | position | The broom was leaning against the fence. |
against | direction | He threw the glass against the wall. |
along | direction | The path led along the river. |
among | position | The deer hid among the trees. |
around | position | There was a white fence around the house. |
around | direction | He walked around the tree. |
at | location | We don’t have a coffee maker at work. |
at | time | Class begins at 7 AM. |
away from | direction | The fireman led the people away from the burning building. |
before | time | Before work, I go to the fitness center. |
behind | position | We parked in the parking lot behind the building. |
below | position | We entered the huge basement below the house. |
beneath | position | We sat beneath the tree and enjoyed the shade. |
beside | position | The dog sat beside him obediently. |
between | position | There was a fence between the two houses. |
by | position | There is a pharmacy by the grocery store. |
by | time | By the time we started dinner, the food was cold. |
down | direction | The ball rolled down the hill. |
during | time | Somebody’s phone rang during the movie. |
for | time | We were in Hawaii for two weeks. |
from | direction | He comes from France. |
from | time | The lecture lasts from 1:30 PM to 3 PM. |
in | position | The laptop is in my backpack. |
in | location | I learned Japanese in college. |
in | time | The movie starts in ten minutes. |
in front of | position | The car was parked in front of the store. |
inside | position | A gift was inside the box. |
into | direction | Naomi walked into the house. |
near | position | The public library was near my school. |
next to | position | The pizza parlor was next to the movie theater. |
off (of) | direction | The cat fell off (of) the couch. |
on | position | The pencil is on the table. |
on | location | My house is on Main Street. |
on | time | My vacation begins on Thursday. |
onto | direction | The cat jumped onto my lap. |
out of | direction | When we walked out of the hotel, the taxi was waiting for us. |
outside | location | He was outside the house when the fire began. |
over | position | There was a rainbow over us. |
over | direction | He jumped over the snake. |
through | position | There was a tunnel through the mountain. |
through | direction | We walked through the tunnel. |
till | time | We waited till Tom arrived to start dinner. |
to | direction | Nancy walked to the mall. |
to | time | The movie is from 7 to 9. |
toward(s) | direction | The boat sailed towards the horizon. |
under | position | The cat is under my chair. |
under | direction | The whale swam under the boat. |
underneath | position | The child was underneath the blanket. |
until | time | I can’t wait until summer, so we can go to the beach again. |
up | direction | We walked up the hill to see the view. |
در ویدیوهای زیر، با Preposition ها بهصورت انیمیشنی آشنا شوید.
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