لیست حروف اضافه در انگلیسی + ویدیو

حرف اضافه

حرف اضافه (Preposition) کلمه‌ای است که به تنهایی معنی نداشته، درجمله پیش از اسم آمده وآن را متمم می سازد. متمم نیز کلمه‌ای است که بعد از حرف اضافه آمده و به‌عبارتی وقتی حرف اضافه‌ای یک کلمه را متمم می‌سازد، یعنی باعث تکمیل‌شدن آن می‌گردد؛ که به آن، مفعول غیر صریح (آشکار) نیز گفته می‌شود. در نهایت نیز به‌طور خلاصه، می‌توان گفت که حرف اضافه، واژه‌ایست که دو واژه‌ی دیگر را به‌یکدیگر ارتباط می‌دهد.

در فارسی می‌توان کلماتی نظیر «از، به، با، بی، در، بر، برای، تا، مگر، جز، الا، الّا، چون، اندر، زی، مثلِ ، مانندِ ،غیرِ، رویِ، زیرِ، پهلویِ، بالایِ، سوایِ، بدونِ، بهرِ و …» را حرف اضافه دانست. در مثال: «هادی امروز با رضا بیرون رفت»؛ واژه‌ی «با» یک حرف اضافه بوده و رضا نیز یک متمم است.

در زبان انگلیسی نیز واژه‌هایی مثل in، at، on و … حرف اضافه هستند. در مثال: «We saw a movie at the theater»؛ واژه‌ی «at» یک حرف اضافه است.

نکته

– در دیکشنری، حرف اضافه را با prep مشخص می‌کنند.
– در انگلیسی، کاربرد برخی حروف اضافه همانند زبان فارسی نیست؛ برای مثال، حرف اضافه‌ی with به‌معنی با، در جمله‌ی «I am angry with you» معنی «من از دست تو عصبانی هستم» می‌دهد!

لیست حروف اضافه

حرف اضافه	نوع	مثال
above	position	The coconut was high above our heads, so nobody could reach it.
across	position	The cat lay across my lap.
across	direction	We walked across the street.
after	time	After dinner, we ate dessert.
against	position	The broom was leaning against the fence.
against	direction	He threw the glass against the wall.
along	direction	The path led along the river.
among	position	The deer hid among the trees.
around	position	There was a white fence around the house.
around	direction	He walked around the tree.
at	location	We don’t have a coffee maker at work.
at	time	Class begins at 7 AM.
away from	direction	The fireman led the people away from the burning building.
before	time	Before work, I go to the fitness center.
behind	position	We parked in the parking lot behind the building.
below	position	We entered the huge basement below the house.
beneath	position	We sat beneath the tree and enjoyed the shade.
beside	position	The dog sat beside him obediently.
between	position	There was a fence between the two houses.
by	position	There is a pharmacy by the grocery store.
by	time	By the time we started dinner, the food was cold.
down	direction	The ball rolled down the hill.
during	time	Somebody’s phone rang during the movie.
for	time	We were in Hawaii for two weeks.
from	direction	He comes from France.
from	time	The lecture lasts from 1:30 PM to 3 PM.
in	position	The laptop is in my backpack.
in	location	I learned Japanese in college.
in	time	The movie starts in ten minutes.
in front of	position	The car was parked in front of the store.
inside	position	A gift was inside the box.
into	direction	Naomi walked into the house.
near	position	The public library was near my school.
next to	position	The pizza parlor was next to the movie theater.
off (of)	direction	The cat fell off (of) the couch.
on	position	The pencil is on the table.
on	location	My house is on Main Street.
on	time	My vacation begins on Thursday.
onto	direction	The cat jumped onto my lap.
out of	direction	When we walked out of the hotel, the taxi was waiting for us.
outside	location	He was outside the house when the fire began.
over	position	There was a rainbow over us.
over	direction	He jumped over the snake.
through	position	There was a tunnel through the mountain.
through	direction	We walked through the tunnel.
till	time	We waited till Tom arrived to start dinner.
to	direction	Nancy walked to the mall.
to	time	The movie is from 7 to 9.
toward(s)	direction	The boat sailed towards the horizon.
under	position	The cat is under my chair.
under	direction	The whale swam under the boat.
underneath	position	The child was underneath the blanket.
until	time	I can’t wait until summer, so we can go to the beach again.
up	direction	We walked up the hill to see the view.